Pii: S1010-7940(99)00228-6

Objective: Minimally invasive open heart surgery involves limited intrathoracic cannulation sites necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass to be initiated via peripheral access using percutaneous cannulae with the tip placed into the right atrial cavity. However, surgery involving the opening of the right heart obliges the surgeon to maintain the end of the cannulae into the vena cavae. The impeded venous return due to the smaller diameter may be alleviated by inserting a centrifugal pump in the venous line. Methods: Right anterior mini-thoracotomy and exposure of the femoral site were performed before the patient was heparinized. Cannulation of the femoral artery, the inferior vena cava via the femoral vein and the superior vena cava through the mini-thoracotomy was performed and cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated. Venous drainage was augmented with the centrifugal pump. Cardiac arrest was provoked and both vena cavae were snared before performing the intracardiac procedure. Results: Twenty consecutive patients were operated on using this technique (15 males/®ve females; age: 44:8 ^ 14:3 years; bodyweight: 73:5 ^ 15:1 kg; body surface area: 1:8 ^ 0:2 m; theoretical blood ̄ow rate: 4:4 ^ 0:5 l/min). The cannula sizes were 21:9 ^ 2:2 Fr for the femoral artery, 26:5 ^ 1:7 Fr for the inferior vena cava and 23:8 ^ 2:5 Fr for the superior vena cava. Venous drainage through the single inferior vena cava cannula was 2:1 ^ 0:6 l/min (48:8 ^ 13:3% of the theoretical ̄ow). Adding the superior vena cava cannula increased the venous ̄ow to 3:1 ^ 0:4 l/min (70:7 ^ 9:6% of the theoretical value, P , 0:005). The use of the centrifugal pump increased the ̄ow to 4:1 ^ 0:6 l/min (93:4 ^ 8:9% of the theoretical ̄ow, P , 0:001) with a mean inlet negative pressure of 269:1 ^ 10:2 mmHg. The mean bypass time was 64:0 ^ 24:6 min for a mean operative time of 226:3 ^ 61:0 min. Minimum venous saturation was 69:4 ^ 8:5%. Conclusions: Despite the smaller diameter of the vena cavae compared to the right atrium, and a smaller internal diameter of percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass cannulae compared to classic ones; the centrifugal pump improves the venous drainage signi®cantly so that minimally invasive open heart procedures can be performed under optimal and safe perfusion conditions. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.